中文转述别人说话时，引语基本照搬：他说他「很累」，她问我住哪儿——动词形态一点没变，因为中文动词本身没有时态变化。英语则要整体重构：He said (that) he was tired，She asked where I lived——时态后退、人称更换、语序拉平，一次到位。
中国学习者的高频错误因此非常集中：时态不后移（*He said he is tired 指昨天说的话）、保留疑问语序（*She asked where did I live）、把「对我说」写成 *said me。下面 30 题分三级：基础（形式转换）、进阶（say/tell、疑问句、祈使句）、挑战（考试要点：客观真理不后移、must → had to、suggest + doing），每题即时批改并给出中文解析。
间接引语测验 30 题
基础 · 形式转换
He said, “I am tired.” → He said he ___ tired.
全部题目、答案与解析完成练习后展开核对。
1. He said, “I am tired.” → He said he ___ tired.
- is
- was
- were
正确答案: was · 引述动词 said 是过去式，引语时态后退一格：am → was。中文「他说他很累」里动词没有形态，所以这步必须刻意做；人称 I 也要换成 he。
2. She said, “I will call you tomorrow.” → She said she ___ call me the next day.
- will
- would
- will have
正确答案: would · will 后退为 would；tomorrow 是说话人那天的「明天」，转述时改为 the next day。保留 will 会让句子读起来像现场声明，而不是转述过去的话。
3. 「他跟我讲了这件事。」的正确英语是：
- He said me about it.
- He told me about it.
- He said to me it.
正确答案: He told me about it. · 「对/跟某人说」如果后面接内容，英语用 tell + 人：He told me about it。said me 是把「对我说」逐字翻译出来的高频错误；say 不直接跟人，要加 to（He said to me that…）。
4. The driver ___ that the bus was full.
- told
- talked
- said
正确答案: said · 句中没有听话人，用 said：The driver said that…。told 必须带人（told us），talked 不用于转述内容。
5. “Where do you live?” → He asked where I ___.
- live
- lived
- do live
正确答案: lived · 间接疑问句用陈述语序：助动词 do 删除，时态后移为 lived。「她问我住哪儿」中文已经是陈述语序，但时态在中文里看不出来，这一步要在英语里补上。
6. “Don't open the window.” → She told me ___ the window.
- don't open
- not to open
- to not open
正确答案: not to open · 否定的祈使句转述为 told me not to open：not 放在 to 前面。原句里的 don't 不能带进不定式里。to not open 在口语中偶尔能见到，但考试和书面语的标准形式是 not to open。
7. “I can swim.” → He said he ___ swim.
- can
- could
- can to
正确答案: could · can 后退为 could。成组记：will → would、may → might、can → could、shall → should。could/might/would 本身已经是「退过一格」的形式，不再继续后退。
8. “Are you hungry?” → She asked ___ I was hungry.
- if
- that
- what
正确答案: if · 是非问句转述用 if（或 whether）连接，后面接陈述语序。that 用于转述陈述句，不能用于问句；「她问我饿不饿」的「饿不饿」正对应 if。
9. “We have finished the report.” → They said they ___ finished it.
- have
- had
- has
正确答案: had · 现在完成时后退为过去完成时：have finished → had finished，同时 We → they。中文「他们说报告做完了」看不出完成体的迁移，必须在英语里补出来。
10. My mother ___ me a bedtime story every night.
- said
- told
- talked
正确答案: told · tell someone a story 是固定搭配：told me a story。中文「讲故事/说故事」一个动词通吃，英语要在 said / told / talked 里选对——跟人用 tell。
11. She said to me, “I'll help you.” → She ___ me she would help me.
- said
- told
- spoke
正确答案: told · said to me 转述时最自然的等价形式是 told me：told + 人 + that 从句。spoke 需要 to（spoke to me），且不用于转述内容。
12. “What time did the meeting start?” → He asked what time the meeting ___.
- started
- did start
- does start
正确答案: started · 过去时的疑问句转述时：删掉 did，动词回到过去式 started，语序拉平。保留 did start 或换成 does start 都是照搬原问句的疑问结构。
13. “I may be late.” → She said she ___ be late.
- may
- might
- must
正确答案: might · may 后退为 might。must 意思是「必须」，不能替代 may（可能）。情态动词的后退要成对记：can → could，may → might，will → would。
14. “I'll wait here.” → He said he would wait ___.
- there
- here
- in there
正确答案: there · here 是说话人所在的位置，转述时换成 there。中文「他说他在这儿等」里「这儿」也可以保留，但英语的指示词必须跟随转述者的视角：now → then、this → that 同理。
15. “You should rest more.” → The doctor said I ___ rest more.
- should
- shall
- would
正确答案: should · 表示建议的 should 没有更「过去」的形式，转述时保持不变。换成 would 会把建议变成推测。
16. “Please sit down.” → She asked me ___ down.
- to sit
- sitting
- sit
正确答案: to sit · 请求的转述：asked me to sit down。中文「请我坐下」动词直接相连，英语的 to 不能省——asked me sit down 是错句。
17. “Do you like coffee?” → He asked ___ I liked coffee.
- whether
- that
- what
正确答案: whether · whether 是 if 的正式版，转述是非问句时两者都对。that 只用于转述陈述句；what 是疑问代词，功能不同。
18. “We will announce the results tomorrow.” → They said they would announce the results ___.
- the following day
- tomorrow
- yesterday
正确答案: the following day · 转述时 tomorrow 改为 the following day（或 the next day，注意带 the）。当天口头转述时 tomorrow 也可以保留，但事后的书面转述通常要后移。
19. “How should I reply?” → She asked how ___ reply to that email.
- to
- should she
- she should to
正确答案: to · 主语一致时可以压缩成「疑问词 + to 不定式」：how to reply。完整形式是 how she should reply（陈述语序，should 后不加 to）。should she 保留疑问语序，she should to 多了一个 to。
20. The manager ___ us that the office would close early that day.
- told
- said
- spoke
正确答案: told · told + 人 + that 从句：told us that…。said us 是「对我们说」的逐字翻译，say 要接 to（said to us）。spoke 同样需要 to。
21. The teacher said that the earth ___ around the sun.
- moves
- moved
- was moving
正确答案: moves · 客观真理即使在 said 之后也保持一般现在时：the earth moves。时态后移是视角规则，不是机械操作——永恒成立的事实通常不后退。写成 moved 在语法上不算错，但考试的标准答案是 moves。
22. “You must submit the form by Friday.” → She said I ___ submit it by Friday.
- had to
- must to
- have to
正确答案: had to · must 的过去形式是 had to。must to 不存在；have to 是现在时，与 said 冲突。（口语里义务仍然有效时可以保留 must，但考试标准答案是 had to。）
23. He said, “I lost my ticket.” → He said he ___ his ticket.
- had lost
- has lost
- had lose
正确答案: had lost · 一般过去时后退为过去完成时：lost → had lost。has lost 是现在完成时，时态不符；had lose 把原形放到了 had 后面。口语里也常说 He said he lost…，但考试按后移给分。
24. She asked me where I had bought the bag. → 直接引语是？
- “Where did you buy the bag?”
- “Where had you bought the bag?”
- “Where do you buy the bag?”
正确答案: “Where did you buy the bag?” · 间接引语里的过去完成时 had bought，是直接问句 did buy 后移一格的结果。还原时助动词 did 回来、动词用原形：Where did you buy the bag?
25. “Be quiet!” → The teacher told the class ___ quiet.
- to be
- being
- be
正确答案: to be · 祈使句转述为 told + 人 + to + 动词：told the class to be quiet。句子以 Be 开头时最容易漏掉 to。
26. “Let's take a break.” → She suggested ___ a break.
- taking
- to take
- take
正确答案: taking · suggest 接动名词（suggest taking）或 that 从句（suggest that we take）；suggest to take 不存在。「她提议休息一下」的中文不会提示这个选择，所以要按动词记。
27. “I don't like spicy food.” → He said he ___ spicy food.
- didn't like
- doesn't liked
- not liked
正确答案: didn't like · 否定句同样只后退时态：don't like → didn't like。doesn't liked 把第三人称和过去式叠在一起；not liked 缺少助动词 did，是错句。
28. “I'm busy now.” → She said she was busy ___.
- then
- now
- at now
正确答案: then · now 转述为 then。同一组：today → that day、tonight → that night、ago → before。at now 不是英语搭配。
29. He asked ___ the bill because he wanted to pay.
- for
- to
- of
正确答案: for · 「要账单」= ask for + 名词：asked for the bill。ask to + 动词表示请求允许做某事（He asked to leave），接名词时必须用 for。中文「问服务员要账单」没有任何介词痕迹，这是漏介词的重灾区。
30. The report ___ that sales had doubled in two years.
- said
- told
- spoke
正确答案: said · 主语是物（报告、文章、数据）时用 say：The report said that…。told 要求人作宾语，spoke 强调说话这个行为。中文「报告称」直接对应 The report said。
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三步转换法
间接引语的转换可以压缩成三步，每一步只检查一类信息。第一步：引述动词是过去式（said / told / asked）时，引语时态后退一格。第二步：人称代词和时间地点词跟随转述者的视角（I → he/she，tomorrow → the next day，here → there）。第三步：问句改成陈述语序并加 if/whether 或保留疑问词；祈使句改成 told/asked + 人 + to。
- 时态后退：am/is → was · are → were · will → would · can → could · may → might · have done → had done · 过去式 → 过去完成时。
- 人称和时间地点：I → he/she · we → they · my → his/her · now → then · today → that day · tomorrow → the next day · yesterday → the day before · here → there · this → that。
- 不后退的形式：should, would, could, might（本身已是后退形式）。
- 例外：客观真理保持一般现在时（the earth moves）；转述时仍然成立的现在状态可保留现在时。
写完转述句后只检查三处：时态退了没有、人称和时间词换了没有、语序拉平了没有。三处都对，句子基本不会错。
say 与 tell：后面跟不跟人
中文的「说」和「告诉」在英语里分成 say 和 tell，判断标准是后面有没有直接跟人。tell 必须带人：told me (that)…、tell someone a story、tell someone the truth。say 不直接带人：said (that)…，要提人就说 said to me。
- He said (that) he was busy.（没有听话人）
- He told me (that) he was busy.（有听话人）
- He said to me (that) he was busy.（正确但比 told me 累赘）
- She told us a story. / She told us to wait.（tell + 人 + 名词或不定式）
- The report said that sales had doubled.（主语是物时用 say）
- He is said to be the best player.（被动结构里也是 say）
said me 这个形式不存在——看到转述句里跟了人，先考虑 tell；没跟人，用 say。
疑问句与祈使句的转述
疑问句转述后不再是问句：删除助动词 do/does/did，语序改成主语在前，时态照常后退。yes/no 问句加 if 或 whether；特殊问句保留疑问词。祈使句转述为 told/asked + 人 + to + 动词原形，否定是 not to。
- “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived.（删 do，退时态）
- “Are you coming?” → She asked if I was coming.
- “What did he say?” → I asked what he had said.
- “Please open the door.” → He asked me to open the door.
- “Don't be late.” → She told me not to be late.
- “How should I reply?” → She asked how to reply.（主语一致时的紧凑形式）
最容易扣分的是语序：asked where did I live 这类结构在间接引语里永远错误。记住疑问词后面直接跟主语。
为什么中国学习者容易出错
第一，中文动词没有时态形态，转述时引语原样照搬，所以「时态后退」这一步在中文里完全没有对应操作，必须刻意建立。第二，中文的疑问转述（她问我住哪儿）天然是陈述语序，但英语是从直接引语问句改过来的，写的时候容易把疑问语序带回来。第三，「对我说」「跟我说」在中文里都用「说」，导致 said me 高频出现；英语的分工是 tell 带人、say 不带。第四，tomorrow、here 这类指示词在中文转述里经常原样保留（他说他明天来），而英语要求跟随转述者的视角后移。
练习「还原」最有效：把一段间接引语还原成直接引语，再转回去。往返一次能同时检查时态、人称、语序三步是否都做对了。
继续练习
常见问题
间接引语里时态一定要后退吗？
引述动词是过去式时，标准规则是后退一格，但有三类例外：客观真理保持一般现在时（The teacher said that the earth moves…）；转述时仍然成立的现在状态可以保留（He said he lives in Shanghai，他现在仍住在上海）；should/would/could/might 本身已是后退形式，不再后退。考试时先按标准规则做，例外按这三类判断。
say 和 tell 到底怎么区分？
看后面是否直接跟人。tell 必须带人：tell me / tell us the truth / tell someone to wait。say 不带：say (that)…，提人用 said to me。转述句里最安全的自查是：句子里有「人 + that 从句」的结构就选 tell，没有就选 say。said me 这个形式不存在。
tomorrow 什么时候改成 the next day？
看时间基准点是否换了人。tomorrow 是说话人的「明天」；当转述发生在之后的时间，基准换到转述者，就要改成 the next day / the following day。当天当场转述可以保留 tomorrow；写进日记、邮件、报告的一律后移。判断口诀：基准日换人了，时间词跟着换。